I'm transferring to history

transfer

1 transitive verb [træns'fɜ:(r)]

(a) (move) transférer; (employee, civil servant) transférer, muter; (soldier) muter; British (player) transférer; (passenger) transférer, transborder; (object, goods) transférer, transporter;

∎ can this ticket be transferred to another airline? peut-on utiliser ce billet d'avion sur une autre compagnie?

(b) Finance & Banking (money) virer;

∎ I transferred the funds to my bank account j'ai fait virer l'argent sur mon compte bancaire

(c) (convey → property, ownership) transmettre, transférer, Law faire cession de, céder; (→ power, responsibility) passer;

∎ she will transfer the rights over to him elle va lui céder ou passer les droits

(d) Telecommunications

∎ I'm transferring you now (operator) je vous mets en communication;

∎ British I'd like to transfer the charges je voudrais téléphoner en PCV;

∎ British transferred charge call communication f en PCV

(e) (displace → design, picture) reporter, décalquer;

∎ to transfer a design from one surface to another décalquer un dessin d'un support sur un autre;

∎ figurative she transferred her affection/allegiance to him elle a reporté son affection/sa fidélité sur lui

(f) Accountancy (debt) transporter; (entry) contre-passer

2 intransitive verb [træns'fɜ:(r)]

(a) (move) être transféré; (employee, civil servant) être muté ou transféré; (soldier) être muté; British (player) être transféré;

∎ American she transferred to another school elle a changé d'école;

∎ I'm transferring to history je me réoriente en histoire

(b) (change mode of transport) être transféré ou transbordé;

∎ they had to transfer to a train ils ont dû changer et prendre le train

3 noun ['trænsfɜ:(r)]

(a) (gen) transfert m; (of employee, civil servant) mutation f; (of passenger) transfert m, transbordement m; British (of player) transfert m; (of goods, objects) transfert m, transport m;

∎ he has asked for a transfer il a demandé son transfert ou à être muté; British (player) il a demandé son transfert

(b) Finance & Banking (of funds, capital) virement m, transfert m

(c) Law transmission f, cession f;

∎ transfer of ownership from sb to sb transfert m ou translation f de propriété de qn à qn;

∎ application for transfer of proceedings demande f de renvoi devant une autre juridiction

(d) British (design, picture) décalcomanie f; (rub-on) autocollant m; (sew-on) décalque m

(e) (change of mode of travel) transfert m; (at airport, train station) correspondance f;

∎ free transfer transfert m gratuit

(f) (ticket) billet m de correspondance

(g) Computing (of data) transfert m

(h) Accountancy (of debt) transport m; (of entry) contre-passation f;

∎ transfer of charges transfert m de charges

(i) Stock Exchange (of shares) transfert m; (document) (feuille f de) transfert m;

∎ transfer by endorsement transmission f par endossement

►► transfer advice avis m de virement;

transfer bus navette f;

British Telecommunications transfer charge call communication f en PCV;

transfer cheque chèque m de virement;

Law transfer deed acte m de cession;

transfer desk (at airport) guichet m de transit;

transfer duty droits mpl de transfert;

(a) British Sport indemnité f de transfert

(b) Finance frais mpl de transfert;

transfer form formule f de transfert;

British Sport transfer list liste f des joueurs transférables;

British transfer lounge (at airport) salle f de transit;

transfer order ordre m ou mandat m de virement;

British transfer passenger (between flights) voyageur(euse) m,f en transit;

Politics transfer of power passation f de pouvoir;

Computing transfer rate taux m de transfert;

Biology transfer RNA ARN m de transfert;

Computing transfer speed vitesse f de transfert;

British transfer tax droits mpl de succession; (between living persons) droit m de mutation;

transfer ticket billet m de correspondance

SUBJECT AREA: Recording

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After arriving in the USA in 1870 and becoming an American citizen, Berliner worked as a dry-goods clerk in Washington, DC, and for a period studied electricity at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York. He invented an improved microphone and set up his own experimental laboratory in Washington, DC. He developed a microphone for telephone use and sold the rights to the Bell Telephone Company. Subsequently he was put in charge of their laboratory, remaining in that position for eight years. In 1881 Berliner, with his brothers Joseph and Jacob, founded the J.Berliner Telephonfabrik in Hanover, the first factory in Europe specializing in telephone equipment.

Inspired by the development work performed by T.A. Edison and in the Volta Laboratory (see C.S. Tainter), he analysed the existing processes for recording and reproducing sound and in 1887 developed a process for transferring lateral undulations scratched in soot into an etched groove that would make a needle and diaphragm vibrate. Using what may be regarded as a combination of the Phonautograph of Léon Scott de Martinville and the photo-engraving suggested by Charles Cros, in May 1887 he thus demonstrated the practicability of the laterally recorded groove. He termed the apparatus "Gramophone". In November 1887 he applied the principle to a glass disc and obtained an inwardly spiralling, modulated groove in copper and zinc. In March 1888 he took the radical step of scratching the lateral vibrations directly onto a rotating zinc disc, the surface of which was protected, and the subsequent etching created the groove. Using well-known principles of printing-plate manufacture, he developed processes for duplication by making a negative mould from which positive copies could be pressed in a thermoplastic compound. Toy gramophones were manufactured in Germany from 1889 and from 1892–3 Berliner manufactured both records and gramophones in the USA. The gramophones were hand-cranked at first, but from 1896 were based on a new design by E.R. Johnson. In 1897–8 Berliner spread his activities to England and Germany, setting up a European pressing plant in the telephone factory in Hanover, and in 1899 a Canadian company was formed. Various court cases over patents removed Berliner from direct running of the reconstructed companies, but he retained a major economic interest in E.R. Johnson's Victor Talking Machine Company. In later years Berliner became interested in aeronautics, in particular the autogiro principle. Applied acoustics was a continued interest, and a tile for controlling the acoustics of large halls was successfully developed in the 1920s.

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SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

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Barclay, a member of the celebrated banking family, ran a printing business in the City of London in partnership with John Doyle Fry, of the (also famous) chocolate-making family. In 1875 Barclay took out two patents, the first bearing Fry's name as well, for printing on to tinplate by way of the offset principle. He recognized that transferring or "offsetting" the print on to an impression cylinder of a yielding material would give the best results. The cylinder would be covered with glazed or varnished cardboard, rather than the rubber that was later to be used.

Barclay disposed of his patents to Bryant and May, the match manufacturers, for printing decorative metal matchbox covers. It was recognized that the method had applications in other industries, and eventually the principle was applied in the currently most widely used method of printing, offset lithography.

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